Reinin dichotomies

Reinin dichotomies or Reinin traits refer to a set of 15 type dichotomies that divide the socion into symmetrical halves. Grigoriy Reinin (St. Petersburg, Russia), a mathematician and psychologist and one of the earliest socionists, mathematically proved the existence of these dichotomies, and their approximate content was elaborated by Aushra Augusta. Her work, The Theory of Reinin's Traits, published in 1985, was intended to be an introduction to the 15 dichotomies - a draft of sorts - but further works have still not been written on the subject. The usefulness of many or most Reinin dichotomies is consistently questioned by many socionists.

The first four dichotomies correspond to the "Jungian foundation," or the four original Jungian dichotomies.

In common use the term "Reinin dichotomies" often refers to the 11 non-Jungian dichotomies.

Overview

	judicious / decisive	subjectivist / objectivist	aristocratic / democratic	process / result	carefree / farsighted	yielding / obstinate	static / dynamic	tactical / strategic	constructivist / emotivist	positivist / negativist	asking / declaring
Alpha
ILE ENTp	judicious	subjectivist	democratic	process	carefree	yielding	static	tactical	constructivist	positivist	asking
SEI ISFp	judicious	subjectivist	democratic	process	carefree	yielding	dynamic	strategic	emotivist	negativist	declaring
LII INTj	judicious	subjectivist	democratic	result	farsighted	obstinate	static	strategic	emotivist	negativist	asking
ESE ESFj	judicious	subjectivist	democratic	result	farsighted	obstinate	dynamic	tactical	constructivist	positivist	declaring
Beta
EIE ENFj	decisive	subjectivist	aristocratic	process	carefree	obstinate	dynamic	strategic	constructivist	negativist	asking
LSI ISTj	decisive	subjectivist	aristocratic	process	carefree	obstinate	static	tactical	emotivist	positivist	declaring
IEI INFp	decisive	subjectivist	aristocratic	result	farsighted	yielding	dynamic	tactical	emotivist	positivist	asking
SLE ESTp	decisive	subjectivist	aristocratic	result	farsighted	yielding	static	strategic	constructivist	negativist	declaring
Gamma
SEE ESFp	decisive	objectivist	democratic	process	farsighted	obstinate	static	strategic	emotivist	positivist	asking
ILI INTp	decisive	objectivist	democratic	process	farsighted	obstinate	dynamic	tactical	constructivist	negativist	declaring
ESI ISFj	decisive	objectivist	democratic	result	carefree	yielding	static	tactical	constructivist	negativist	asking
LIE ENTj	decisive	objectivist	democratic	result	carefree	yielding	dynamic	strategic	emotivist	positivist	declaring
Delta
LSE ESTj	judicious	objectivist	aristocratic	process	farsighted	yielding	dynamic	tactical	emotivist	negativist	asking
EII INFj	judicious	objectivist	aristocratic	process	farsighted	yielding	static	strategic	constructivist	positivist	declaring
SLI ISTp	judicious	objectivist	aristocratic	result	carefree	obstinate	dynamic	strategic	constructivist	positivist	asking
IEE ENFp	judicious	objectivist	aristocratic	result	carefree	obstinate	static	tactical	emotivist	negativist	declaring

Mathematics

Definition

Each half of a dichotomy is called a "trait". Any pair of traits (such as E and P) may be combined to produce a third (static). These three traits form an interdependent triad, meaning that when two are held constant the third must too.

They are combined according to the relation *, defined as follows.

X*Y = (X & Y) or (~X & ~Y)

where ~X denotes the opposite of trait X (~E = I, etc.)

Thus,

static = E*P = E&P or I&J

In most cases, the "&" is understood.

static = EP or IJ

The relation * can be seen to be associative, meaning (X*Y)*Z = X*(Y*Z) is always true.

Proof:

The relation may be restated more concisely as follows:

X*Y = (X == Y)

where == denotes logical equality - parentheses added for clarity.

We can use a truth table to show that the expressions are the same:

X	Y	Z	(X==Y)==Z	X==(Y==Z)
T	T	T	T	T
T	T	F	F	F
T	F	T	F	F
T	F	F	T	T
F	T	T	F	F
F	T	F	T	T
F	F	T	T	T
F	F	F	F	F

Another property of ==, commutativity, transfers to *:

X*Y = Y*X

Since * is both associative and commutative, it forms an abelian group over four traits:

*	1	X	Y	Z
1	1	X	Y	Z
X	X	1	Z	Y
Y	Y	Z	1	X
Z	Z	Y	X	1

Here 1 is the identity, which represents the trait that is true of all types. It might also be called the "nonnull" trait. Here X, Y, and Z are all interdependent.

Complete list

Given four initial independent dichotomies (that is, pairs of opposite traits), one can form new ones dependent on the original four. Here the "&"s may be understood, so as to simplify the generation of new dichotomies. Remember, * is associative and commutative, so the order doesn't matter, and the *s can be left out. For example, E*N = N*E and (E*N)*T = E*(N*T). This means we can just write, in order, the Jungian dichotomies a derived dichotomy depends on. In other words, each new dichotomy can be uniquely specified in terms of dependence on each of the original four. (In this case, each dichotomy can be replaced by one of its halves, the corresponding traits. For example, E/I can be replaced with just E or just I. The lack of a unifying name for most dichotomies makes this a convenient choice. ENTP is the preferred basis, for historical reasons.) So, each new dichotomy is either dependent or independent of each original dichotomy. This produces 2^4 = 16 dichotomies.

The first of these, the one dependent on no Jungian dichotomy, is the identity - not a dichotomy proper, as it does not split the socion. The remaining 15 are the type dichotomies we know and love.

1.   (null/nonnull)
2. E (extroversion/introversion)
3. N (intuitive/sensing)
4. T (logical/ethical)
5. P (irrational/rational)
6. EN (carefree/farsighted)
7. ET (obstinate/compliant)
8. EP (static/dynamic)
9. NT (aristocratic/democratic)
10. NP (tactical/strategic)
11. TP (constructivist/emotivist)
12. ENT (positivist/negativist)
13. ENP (reasonable/resolute)
14. ETP (subjectivist/objectivist)
15. NTP (process/result)
16. ENTP (questioner/declarer)

It is natural to classify these dichotomies based on how many of the Jungian foundation they depend on. The Jungian foundation is all the order-1 traits, and null/nonnull are the only order-0 traits.

Reinin dichotomies as combinations

From the above proof, we see that the Reinin dichotomies can be thought of as combinations of the original four.

C = n!/(k!(n-k)!)

Where k is the number of elements in the subset and n is the number of elements in the set that is drawn from.

Here there are 4 elements in the original set (E-I, N-S, T-F and P-J). The new sets will have between 2 to 4 parameters, so the number of Reinin dichotomies (not including the original four) is:

4!/(2!(4-2)!) + 4!/(3!(4-3)!) + 4!/(4!(4-4)!) = 6 + 4 + 1 = 11

It's also easy to find out the combinations on pen and paper. Simply find all the ways you can combine four predefined letters (or any other things) into groups of two, three and four, where the order doesn't matter.

Use of Reinin dichotomies

Empirical aspects

Above is the mathematical definition of the Reinin dichotomies. Whether they have empirical content, on the other hand, is a completely separate matter. Whether they are well-defined at all is one of the main criticisms of Reinin dichotomies.

The content of several of the derived dichotomies comes naturally from other standard parts of socionics theory. As the correspondence between the dichotomies and Model A becomes more complex, so does the dichotomy's content become less obvious based on purely theoretical considerations.

Some of the simpler correspondences between the functional and dichotomous models:

Intuitive/sensing and logic/ethics determine a type's strengths and weaknesses; Introversion/extroversion coincides with the orientation of the leading function (as well as all contact functions); Rationality/irrationality similarly coincides with the "rhythm" of the accepting functions; Static/dynamic determines the conscious ("mental") elements in each types formula; Aristocratic/democratic determines which elements are blocked together; Reasonable/resolute and subjectivist/objectivist correspond to quadra values;

An interesting question is, can Reinin dichotomies be considered equal in their significance to the original Jungian dichotomies? After all, the derivation works in reverse too. Only speculation can provide an answer at this point. A humorous counterexample is the dichotomies of gender and blood type (reference). Obviously the conjunction of the two via * is totally meaningless. That said, the fact that Reinin dichotomies' content can be elaborated at all is a testament to the highly general nature of socionic type, whose component dichotomies combine to form an integrated whole, represented mathematically as the nonnull trait: the human being.

Comparison with Model A

The central idea of socionics is that types are unbalanced entities. This understanding is built into Model A, but not into Reinin dichotomies. Therefore, Reinin dichotomies must be supplemented with other theoretical apparatus in order to explain things like relationships as fully as Model A. This could be a good thing in that Reinin dichotomies show the theoretical possibility of isolating the assumptions implicit in Model A and showing which are independent of which.

A few socionists, such as Mironov and others from St. Petersburg, consider the Reinin dichotomies to actually be information processing mechanisms. Three such dichotomy traits combine to form an information element. Most socionists consider the Reinin dichotomies to be divisions whose meaning can only be understood by analyzing their effect on Model A.

Criticism

It might be said that the Reinin traits should be treated dichotomously instead of, or at least in addition to, in terms of information elements and Model A. The fundamental difference between rational and irrational information elements is not built into the Reinin model. Also, it has no concept of element dominance (i.e. functional ordering). It doesn't necessarily render the tools used in Model A useless, but it should be stressed that the classical traits have a purely dichotomous definition, so they should also be explainable using only dichotomies. In fact it is likely that any regular categorization system will also be reflected in Model A in some more or less regular way—this observation doesn't prove anything however.

Possible dichotomous explanations

The most natural way to discover the meaning of the dichotomies is as a conflict or harmonizing of some sort between pairs of traits. For example, rationals want stability, but dynamics perceive change, creating a tendency for EJs to want to actively influence their environment to control that change - extroversion. Likewise, irrationals are more comfortable with fluid change, but statics see things as staying the same - which leads them to actively create the change in their environment (also extroversion).

An interesting area of research here would be interclub or intertemperament relationships. We would also need to establish descriptions for the other multiple-dichotomical categories, such as E/I combined with S/N, and so on.

See also

• Dichotomy
• Jungian foundation

Links

Here are automatic translations of articles on the Reinin dichotomies in Russian:

• Wikipedia article on the Reinin dichotomies
• Introductory article by Dmitriy Lytov and Marianna Lytova on the Reinin traits
• Analysis and criticism of the Reinin traits by Dmitriy Lytov and Marianna Lytova
• Reinin's response to the above criticism of the dichotomies
• Augusta's article The Theory of Reinin's Traits: part 1 - part 2 - part 3 - part 4 - part 5